NOUQUD Glossary
Each term is explained once, and its definition is pulled into every page that mentions it.
Personal finance9terms
- Budgetingالميزانية الشخصيةA record of your income and expenses that shows where your money goes and lets you make deliberate choices about it.
- Credit scoreالتصنيف الائتمانيA numerical rating based on your payment and borrowing history that tells lenders whether you are likely to repay a loan and on what terms.
- Debt-to-income ratioنسبة الدين إلى الدخلThe percentage of your monthly income that goes toward debt payments, used by lenders to decide whether to approve a loan.
- Disposable incomeالدخل المتاحThe money left after taxes and mandatory deductions, available to spend or save as you choose.
- Emergency fundصندوق الطوارئMoney set aside in an accessible account to cover unexpected expenses or loss of income without borrowing or selling investments.
- Net worthصافي الثروةThe difference between everything you own and everything you owe, what actually belongs to you.
- Pay yourself firstادفع لنفسك أولًاSet aside a portion of your income for savings or investment at the start of the period, rather than saving whatever is left at the end of it.
- Remittancesالتحويلات الماليةMoney sent from one person to another, typically across borders, to support family or repay a debt.
- Zero-based budgetingالميزانية الصفريةA budgeting method where you assign every unit of income to a specific purpose before you spend it, leaving nothing unaccounted for.
Investing22terms
- Bear marketالسوق الهابطةA prolonged period when stock and asset prices fall 20% or more from their recent peak, driven by investor fear and selling.
- BondالسنداتA loan issued by a government or company that you buy, receiving regular interest payments and your principal back at maturity.
- Bull marketسوق صاعدA period when stock and asset prices rise steadily, driven by investor confidence and strong demand to buy.
- Capital gainsأرباح رأسماليةThe profit you make when you sell an asset for more than you paid for it.
- Compound interestالفائدة المركبةReturns calculated on your original money and on every return before it, so the balance grows on itself year after year.
- Diversificationالتنويع الاستثماريSpreading money across different investments instead of concentrating it in one, so the entire portfolio does not collapse if one investment fails.
- Dividendتوزيعات الأرباحA payment a company makes to its shareholders from profits, usually in cash or additional shares.
- ETFصناديق متداولةA fund holding many securities that trades on an exchange like a stock, so you buy one ticker and own a basket of assets.
- IPOالاكتتاب العامThe first time a private company sells shares to the public, moving from private ownership to a listed company anyone can buy into.
- LiquidityالسيولةHow quickly and easily an asset can be converted to cash without losing value or paying a large fee.
- Market capitalizationالقيمة السوقيةThe total value of a company's shares, calculated by multiplying the share price by the number of shares outstanding.
- Mutual fundصندوق مشتركA pool of money from many investors used to buy a diversified collection of stocks, bonds, or other securities under professional management.
- Rule of 72قاعدة 72A quick way to estimate how many years it takes money to double at a given annual return rate.
- Seed fundingالتمويل الأوليMoney invested in a business idea before it generates revenue, typically from founders, friends, family, or early-stage investors.
- Series A/B/C fundingجولات التمويلSuccessive rounds of investment in a startup, each labeled by letter and typically larger than the last, where investors buy a stake in the company.
- Startupشركة ناشئةAn early-stage company built to solve a problem or meet a need, typically funded by investors and designed to grow rapidly.
- StockالسهمA share of ownership in a company, bought and sold on a stock exchange, that may pay dividends and rise or fall in value.
- Stock indexالمؤشرA measure of how a group of stocks is performing, calculated from the prices of companies selected to represent a market.
- SukukالصكوكA security representing ownership of a share in a real asset or project, not a debt owed by the issuer.
- Unicornشركة يونيكورنA privately held startup valued at one billion dollars or more before it goes public.
- Venture capitalرأس المال المخاطرMoney invested in early-stage companies with high growth potential in exchange for an ownership stake, betting on companies that may fail.
- VolatilityالتقلّبThe speed and size of price swings in an asset, measured as how far returns stray from their average.
Financial products13terms
- Buy now pay laterالتقسيطA purchase you make today, paid back in installments over weeks or months rather than all at once.
- Car insuranceتأمين السياراتA contract that covers the cost of damage to your vehicle or injury to others, depending on the type of policy you hold.
- Credit cardبطاقة ائتمانA card that lets you borrow money to pay for purchases now and repay the bank later, usually with interest.
- Debit cardبطاقة الخصمA card linked to your bank account that deducts money directly from your balance when you use it, so you spend only what you have.
- Health insuranceالتأمين الصحيA contract where you pay a regular premium and the insurer covers some or all of your medical costs, with coverage varying by policy and provider network.
- InsuranceالتأمينA contract where you pay a regular fee to transfer the financial risk of a specific event to a company that agrees to cover the cost if it happens.
- Life insuranceالتأمين على الحياةA contract where you pay regular premiums and the insurer pays a sum to your named beneficiaries if you die during the coverage period.
- Mobile walletالمحفظة الرقميةAn app on your phone that stores your card or bank account details and lets you pay and transfer money without carrying cash.
- Mortgageالرهن العقاريA loan secured by property, where the lender holds a claim on the house until the debt is repaid.
- Overdraftالسحب على المكشوفA credit arrangement that lets you withdraw more than your account balance, with interest charged on the amount overdrawn.
- Personal loanالقرض الشخصيMoney you borrow from a bank or lender and repay in fixed monthly installments with interest, with no restriction on how you use it.
- Sharia-compliant bankingالمصرفية الإسلاميةBanking services built on structures other than interest, but products under this label behave very differently when you want to exit early or the asset loses value.
- Travel insuranceتأمين السفرCoverage that protects you against financial losses from trip cancellations, medical emergencies, lost luggage, and other travel disruptions.
Financial services1term
Economy15terms
- APRمعدل النسبة السنويThe yearly cost of borrowing stated on one basis, so that two offers quoted differently can be set beside each other.
- Central bankالبنك المركزيThe government's bank, which controls the money supply, sets interest rates, and oversees all other banks in the country.
- Core inflationالتضخّم الأساسيInflation excluding food and fuel, the measure central banks target because it reflects underlying monetary pressure rather than temporary supply shocks.
- Currency pegربط العملةA fixed exchange rate between a local currency and another, usually the dollar, so the rate does not move with market supply and demand.
- DeflationالانكماشA general fall in prices over time, so one riyal today buys more than it did a year ago.
- Fiscal policyالسياسة الماليةGovernment decisions about spending and taxation that shape the economy and affect household income, employment, and prices.
- Foreign exchangeالصرف الأجنبيThe market where one currency is traded for another, at a rate that changes constantly based on supply and demand.
- InflationالتضخّمA general rise in prices over time, so one riyal today buys less than it did a year ago.
- Interest rateسعر الفائدةThe percentage of principal charged by a lender or paid by a saver, usually stated as an annual rate.
- Monetary policyالسياسة النقديةThe decisions a central bank makes about interest rates and the money supply to manage inflation, employment, and economic stability.
- Monetary systemالنظام النقديThe arrangement that determines how a currency works in a country, and whether it is pegged to another currency, floats freely, or has collapsed.
- RecessionالركودA period when the economy shrinks, measured as negative growth over two consecutive quarters, and unemployment typically rises.
- Sovereign wealth fundصندوق سياديA state-owned investment fund that deploys public money into stocks, bonds, real estate and companies across the world.
- SubsidyالدعمMoney or price support the state provides to keep the cost of essential goods or services below what the market would charge.
- Trade balanceالميزان التجاريThe difference between what a country exports and what it imports, showing whether it sells more abroad than it buys.